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The 12 September 1980 Turkish coup d'état, headed by Chief of the General Staff General Kenan Evren, was the third coup d'état in the history of the Republic after the 1960 coup and the 1971 "Coup by Memorandum". The 1970s were marked by right-wing/left-wing armed conflicts, often at the scale of proxy wars between the United States and the Soviet Union, respectively. To create a pretext for a decisive intervention, the Turkish military allowed these conflicts in Turkey to escalate; some say they actively adopted a strategy of tension.〔: Colonel Talat Turhan accused the United States for having fuelled the brutality from which Turkey suffered in the 1970s by setting up the Special Warfare Department, the Counter-Guerrilla secret army and the MIT and training them according to FM 30–31〕 The violence abruptly stopped afterwards, and the coup was welcomed by some for restoring order.〔 In total, 50 people were executed, 500,000 were arrested and hundreds died in prison.〔http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21571147-once-all-powerful-turkish-armed-forces-are-cowed-if-not-quite-impotent-erdogan-and-his Turkey and its army: Erdogan and his generals〕 For the next three years the Turkish Armed Forces ruled the country through the National Security Council, before democracy was restored.〔Amnesty International, ''Turkey: Human Rights Denied'', London, November 1988, AI Index: EUR/44/65/88, ISBN 978-0-86210-156-5, pg. 1.〕 ==Prelude== (詳細はSüleyman Demirel, president of the conservative Justice Party ((トルコ語:Adalet Partisi), AP) succeeded Bülent Ecevit, president of the social-democratic Republican People's Party ((トルコ語:Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi), CHP) as Prime Minister. He formed a coalition with the Nationalist Front ((トルコ語:Milliyetçi Cephe)), Necmettin Erbakan's Islamist National Salvation Party ((トルコ語:Millî Selamet Partisi), MSP) and Alparslan Türkeş' far right Nationalist Movement Party ((トルコ語:Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi), MHP). The MHP used the opportunity to infiltrate state security services, seriously aggravating the low-intensity war that was waging between rival factions.〔Gil, Ata. "La Turquie à marche forcée," ''Le Monde diplomatique'', February 1981.〕 The elections of 1977 had no winner. First, Demirel continued the coalition with the Nationalist Front. But in 1978 Ecevit was able to get to power again with the help of some deputies who had shifted from one party to another. In 1979, Demirel once again became Prime Minister. At the end of the 1970s Turkey was in an unstable situation with unsolved economic and social problems facing strike actions and partial paralysis of politics (the Grand National Assembly of Turkey was unable to elect a President during the six months preceding the coup). Since 1968–69, a proportional representation system made it difficult to find any parliamentary majority. The interests of the industrial bourgeoisie, which held the largest holdings of the country, were opposed by other social classes such as smaller industrialists, traders, rural notables, landlords, whose interests did not always coincide among themselves. Numerous agricultural and industrial reforms requested by parts of the middle upper classes were blocked by others.〔 Henceforth, the politicians seemed unable to combat the growing violence in the country. Unprecedented political violence had erupted in Turkey in the late 1970s. The overall death toll of the 1970s is estimated at 5,000, with nearly ten assassinations per day.〔 Most were members of left-wing and right-wing political organizations, then engaged in bitter fighting. The ultra-nationalist Grey Wolves, youth organisation of the MHP, claimed they were supporting the security forces.〔 According to the anti-fascist ''Searchlight magazine'', in 1978 there were 3,319 fascist attacks, in which 831 were killed and 3,121 wounded.〔 In the central trial against the left-wing organization Devrimci Yol (Revolutionary Path) at Ankara Military Court the defendants listed 5,388 political killings before the military coup. Among the victims were 1,296 right-wingers and 2,109 left-wingers. The others could not clearly be related.〔Devrimci Yol Savunması (Defense of the Revolutionary Path). Ankara, January 1989, p. 118-119.〕 The 1978 Bahçelievler Massacre, the 1977 Taksim Square massacre with 35 victims and the 1978 Kahramanmaraş Massacre with over 100 victims are some notable incidents. Martial law was announced following the Kahramanmaraş Massacre in 14 of (then) 67 provinces in December 1978. At the time of the coup martial law had been extended to 20 provinces. Ecevit was warned about the coming coup in June 1979 by Nuri Gündeş of the National Intelligence Organization (MİT). Ecevit then told his interior minister, İrfan Özaydınlı, who then told Sedat Celasun—one of the five generals who would lead the coup. The deputy undersecretary of the MİT, Nihat Yıldız, was demoted to the London consulate and replaced by a lieutenant general as a result.〔 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「1980 Turkish coup d'état」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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